Dietary supplement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
“Food supplement” redirects here. For food additions that alter the flavor, color or longevity of food, see Food additive.
File:CT image stack of a multivitamin tablet by Abtei, Germany.ogvPlay media
Flight through a CT image stack of a multivitamin tablet “A-Z” by German company Abtei.
See also: Bodybuilding supplement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
“Food supplement” redirects here. For food additions that alter the flavor, color or longevity of food, see Food additive.
File:CT image stack of a multivitamin tablet by Abtei, Germany.ogvPlay media
Flight through a CT image stack of a multivitamin tablet “A-Z” by German company Abtei.
See also: Bodybuilding supplement
A dietary supplement is intended to
provide nutrients that may otherwise not be consumed in sufficient quantities.
Supplements as generally understood
include vitamins, minerals, fiber, fatty acids, or amino acids, among other
substances. U.S. authorities define dietary supplements as foods, while
elsewhere they may be classified as drugs or other products.
There are more than 50,000 dietary
supplements available. More than half of the U.S. adult population (53% – 55%)
consume dietary supplements with most common ones being multivitamins.[1][2]
These products are not intended to
prevent or treat any disease and in some circumstances are dangerous, according
to the U.S. National Institutes of Health. For those who fail to consume a
balanced diet, the agency says that certain supplements “may have value.”[3]
Most supplements should be avoided,
and usually people should not eat micronutrients except people with clearly
shown deficiency.[4] Those people should first consult a doctor.[5] An
exception is vitamin D, which is recommended in Nordic countries[6] due to weak
sunlight.
Contents
1 Definition
2 Medical uses
3 Types of dietary supplements
3.1 Vitamins
3.2 Dietary element
3.3 Herbal medicine
3.4 Amino acids and proteins
3.5 Essential fatty acids
3.6 Bodybuilding supplement
4 Contraindications
5 Adverse effects
6 Physical and chemical properties
6.1 Adulteration
7 Society and culture
7.1 Use as food replacement
7.2 Legal regulation
7.2.1 United States
7.2.2 Regulation in European Union
8 Research
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
2 Medical uses
3 Types of dietary supplements
3.1 Vitamins
3.2 Dietary element
3.3 Herbal medicine
3.4 Amino acids and proteins
3.5 Essential fatty acids
3.6 Bodybuilding supplement
4 Contraindications
5 Adverse effects
6 Physical and chemical properties
6.1 Adulteration
7 Society and culture
7.1 Use as food replacement
7.2 Legal regulation
7.2.1 United States
7.2.2 Regulation in European Union
8 Research
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Definition
According to the United States Food
and Drug Administration (FDA), dietary supplements are products which are not
pharmaceutical drugs, food additives like spices or preservatives, or
conventional food, and which also meet any of these criteria:[7]
The product is intended to
supplement a person’s diet, despite it not being usable as a meal
replacement.[7]
The product is or contains a vitamin, dietary element, herb used for herbalism or botanical used as a medicinal plant, amino acid, any substance which contributes to other food eaten, or any concentrate, metabolite, ingredient, extract, or combination of these things.[7]
The product is labeled as a dietary supplement.[7]
The product is or contains a vitamin, dietary element, herb used for herbalism or botanical used as a medicinal plant, amino acid, any substance which contributes to other food eaten, or any concentrate, metabolite, ingredient, extract, or combination of these things.[7]
The product is labeled as a dietary supplement.[7]
In the United States, the FDA has
different monitoring procedures for substances depending on whether they are
presented as drugs, food additives, food, or dietary supplements.[7] Dietary
supplements are eaten or taken by mouth, and are regulated in United States law
as a type of food rather than a type of drug.[8] Like food and unlike drugs, no
government approval is required to make or sell dietary supplements; the
manufacturer checks the safety of dietary supplements but the government does
not; and rather than requiring risk–benefit analysis to prove that the product
can be sold like a drug, risk–benefit analysis is only used to petition that
food or a dietary supplement is unsafe and should be removed from market.[7]
Medical uses
Medical uses
The intended use of dietary
supplements is to ensure that a person gets enough essential nutrients.[9]
Dietary supplements should not be
used to treat any disease or as preventive healthcare.[10] An exception to this
recommendation is the appropriate use of vitamins.[10]
Dietary supplements are unnecessary
if one eats a balanced diet.[11]
Supplements may create harm in
several ways, including over-consumption, particularly of minerals and
fat-soluble vitamins which can build up in the body.[12] The products may also
cause harm related to their rapid absorption in a short period of time, quality
issues such as contamination, or by adverse interactions with other foods and
medications.[13]
Types of dietary supplements
Types of dietary supplements
There are many types of dietary
supplements.
Vitamins
Main article: Vitamin
Vitamins
Main article: Vitamin
Vitamin is an organic compound
required by an organism as a vital nutrient in limited amounts.[14] An organic
chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when it
cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be
obtained from the diet. Thus, the term is conditional both on the circumstances
and on the particular organism. For example, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a
vitamin for humans, but not for most other animals. Supplementation is
important for the treatment of certain health problems but there is little
evidence of benefit when used by those who are otherwise healthy.[15]
Dietary element
Main article: Dietary element
Dietary element
Main article: Dietary element
Dietary elements, commonly called
“dietary minerals” or “minerals”, are the chemical elements required by living
organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
present in common organic molecules. The term “dietary mineral” is archaic, as
the substances it refers are chemical elements rather than actual minerals.
Herbal medicine
Main article: Herbalism
Herbal medicine
Main article: Herbalism
Herbal medicine is the use of plants
for medicinal purposes. Plants have been the basis for medical treatments
through much of human history, and such traditional medicine is still widely
practiced today. Modern medicine recognizes herbalism as a form of alternative
medicine, as the practice of herbalism is not strictly based on evidence
gathered using the scientific method. Modern medicine, does, however, make use of
many plant-derived compounds as the basis for evidence-tested pharmaceutical
drugs, and phytotherapy works to apply modern standards of effectiveness
testing to herbs and medicines that are derived from natural sources. The scope
of herbal medicine is sometimes extended to include fungal and bee products, as
well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts.
Amino acids and proteins
Main articles: Amino acid and Protein (nutrient)
Amino acids and proteins
Main articles: Amino acid and Protein (nutrient)
Amino acids are biologically
important organic compounds composed of amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid
(-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid.
The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen,
though other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids.
Amino acids can be divided into
three categories: essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids, and
conditional amino acids. Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body, and
must be supplied by food. Non-essential amino acids are made by the body from
essential amino acids or in the normal breakdown of proteins. Conditional amino
acids are usually not essential, except in times of illness, stress, or for
someone challenged with a lifelong medical condition[citation needed].
Essential fatty acids
Main article: Essential fatty acids
Essential fatty acids
Main article: Essential fatty acids
Essential fatty acids, or EFAs, are
fatty acids that humans and other animals must ingest because the body requires
them for good health but cannot synthesize them.[16] The term “essential fatty
acid” refers to fatty acids required for biological processes but does not
include the fats that only act as fuel.
Bodybuilding supplement
Main article: Bodybuilding supplement
Bodybuilding supplement
Main article: Bodybuilding supplement
Bodybuilding supplements are dietary
supplements commonly used by those involved in bodybuilding and athletics.
Bodybuilding supplements may be used to replace meals, enhance weight gain,
promote weight loss or improve athletic performance. Among the most widely used
are vitamin supplements, protein, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), glutamine,
essential fatty acids, meal replacement products, creatine, weight loss
products and testosterone boosters. Supplements are sold either as single
ingredient preparations or in the form of “stacks” – proprietary blends of
various supplements marketed as offering synergistic advantages. While many
bodybuilding supplements are also consumed by the general public their salience
and frequency of use may differ when used specifically by bodybuilders.
Contraindications
Contraindications
According to University of Helsinki
food safety professor Marina Heinonen, more than 90% of dietary supplement
health claims are incorrect.[17]
Adverse effects
some products make extraordinary claims and contain active chemicals which may not be tested by science
Adverse effects
some products make extraordinary claims and contain active chemicals which may not be tested by science
The number of incidents of liver
damage from dietary supplements has tripled in a decade. Most of the
supplements were bodybuilding supplements. Some of the patients require liver
transplants and some die. In third of the supplements involved contained
unlisted steroids.[18]
Physical and chemical properties
Adulteration
Physical and chemical properties
Adulteration
BMC Medicine published a study on
herbal supplements. Most of the supplements studied were of low quality, a
third did not contain the herb claimed at all, e.g., rice power or laxative. A
third contained unlisted substances.[19][20]
Some supplements were contamined by
rodent feces and urine.[21]
Only 0.3% of the 55,000 U.S. market
dietary supplements were studied so that their common side effects are
known.[18]
Society and culture
Use as food replacement
Society and culture
Use as food replacement
In early 20th century there were
great hopes for supplements, but later research has shown these hopes were
unfounded.[22]
“Antioxidant paradox” means the fact
that even though fruits and vegetables are related to decreases in mortality,
cardiovascular diseases and cancers, antioxidant nutrients do not really seem
to help. According to one theory, this is because some other nutrients would be
the important ones.[23][24] Multivitamin pills have neither proved useful[4]
but may even increase mortality.[25]
Omega-3 fatty acids and fish oils
from food are very healthy, but fish oil supplements are recommended only for
those suffering from coronary artery diseases and not eating fish. Latest
research has made the benefits of the supplements questionable even for them.
Contrary to claims, fish oils do not decrease cholesterol but may even raise
the “bad” LDL cholesterol and cause other harms. Also the use of cod liver oil
is criticized by scientists.[26]
Alice Lichtenstein, DSc, chairwoman
of the American Heart Association (AHA) says that even though omega-3 fatty
acids from foods are healthy, the same is not shown in studies on omega-3
supplements. Therefore one should not eat fish oil supplements unless one
suffers from heart diseases.[27]
Legal regulation
United States
Main article: Regulation of food and dietary supplements by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Legal regulation
United States
Main article: Regulation of food and dietary supplements by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
The regulation of food and dietary
supplements by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is governed by various
statutes enacted by the United States Congress and interpreted by the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration (“FDA”). Pursuant to the Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act (“the Act”) and accompanying legislation, the FDA has authority to
oversee the quality of substances sold as food in the United States, and to
monitor claims made in the labeling about both the composition and the health
benefits of foods.
Substances which the FDA regulates
as food are subdivided into various categories, including foods, food
additives, added substances (man-made substances which are not intentionally
introduced into food, but nevertheless end up in it), and dietary supplements.
The specific standards which the FDA exercises differ from one category to the
next. Furthermore, the FDA has been granted a variety of means by which it can
address violations of the standards for a given category of substances.
Regulation in European Union
Regulation in European Union
The European Union’s Food
Supplements Directive of 2002 requires that supplements be demonstrated to be
safe, both in dosages and in purity.[28] Only those supplements that have been
proven to be safe may be sold in the bloc without prescription. As a category
of food, food supplements cannot be labeled with drug claims but can bear
health claims and nutrition claims.[29]
The dietary supplements industry in
the United Kingdom (UK), one of the 28 countries in the bloc, strongly opposed
the Directive. In addition, a large number of consumers throughout Europe,
including over one million in the UK, and various doctors and scientists, had
signed petitions by 2005 against what are viewed by the petitioners as
unjustified restrictions of consumer choice.[30]
In 2004, along with two British
trade associations, the Alliance for Natural Health (ANH) had a legal challenge
to the Food Supplements Directive[31] referred to the European Court of Justice
by the High Court in London.[32]
Although the European Court of
Justice’s Advocate General subsequently said that the bloc’s plan to tighten
rules on the sale of vitamins and food supplements should be scrapped,[33] he
was eventually overruled by the European Court, which decided that the measures
in question were necessary and appropriate for the purpose of protecting public
health. ANH, however, interpreted the ban as applying only to synthetically
produced supplements—and not to vitamins and minerals normally found in or
consumed as part of the diet.[34]
Nevertheless, the European judges
acknowledged the Advocate General’s concerns, stating that there must be clear
procedures to allow substances to be added to the permitted list based on
scientific evidence. They also said that any refusal to add the product to the
list must be open to challenge in the courts.[35]
Research
Research
Effects of most dietary supplements
have not been determined in randomized clinical trials and manufacturing is
lightly regulated; randomized clinical trials of certain vitamins and
antioxidants have found increased mortality rates.[36][37]
See also
See also
Bodybuilding supplement
Essential nutrient
Food fortification
Megavitamin therapy
Nutraceutical
Nutritional genomics
Dietary Supplement Act of 1992
Multivitamin
Superfood
Dietary Supplements (database) (PubMed)
Essential nutrient
Food fortification
Megavitamin therapy
Nutraceutical
Nutritional genomics
Dietary Supplement Act of 1992
Multivitamin
Superfood
Dietary Supplements (database) (PubMed)
References
Park, Madison. “Half of Americans
use supplements”. CNN. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
Grace, Emily. “How to choose the best supplement”. Health Beacon. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
Staff, FDA/ FDA FAQ’s on Dietary Supplements
Guallar E, Stranges S, Mulrow C, Appel LJ, Miller ER (December 2013). “Enough is enough: Stop wasting money on vitamin and mineral supplements”. Ann. Intern. Med. (Editorial) 159 (12): 850–1. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00011. PMID 24490268.
Questions To Ask Before Taking Vitamin and Mineral Supplements, Nutrition.gov, accessed 2013-12-22.
New Nordic Nutrition Recommendations: Focus on quality and the whole diet, Norden.org 03.10.2013.
See Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, which includes a definition.
Committee on the Framework for Evaluating the Safety of Dietary Supplements, Food and Nutrition Board, Board on Life Sciences, Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies (2004). Dietary supplements a framework for evaluating safety. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. p. ES-1-ES-3. ISBN 0-309-09206-X.
Food and Drug Administration (20 March 2014). “Q&A on Dietary Supplements”. fda.gov. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
Food and Drug Administration (11 May 2014). “Consumers – Dietary Supplements: What You Need to Know”. fda.gov. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
American College of Medical Toxicology; American Academy of Clinical Toxicology (February 2013), “Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question”, Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation (American College of Medical Toxicology and American Academy of Clinical Toxicology), retrieved 5 December 2013, which cites
Woodward, KN (May 2005). “The potential impact of the use of homeopathic and herbal remedies on monitoring the safety of prescription products.”. Human & Experimental Toxicology 24 (5): 219–33. doi:10.1191/0960327105ht529oa. PMID 16004184.
De Smet, PA (Aug 1995). “Health risks of herbal remedies.”. Drug safety : an international journal of medical toxicology and drug experience 13 (2): 81–93. doi:10.2165/00002018-199513020-00003. PMID 7576267.
Farah, MH; Edwards, R; Lindquist, M; Leon, C; Shaw, D (Mar 2000). “International monitoring of adverse health effects associated with herbal medicines.”. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety 9 (2): 105–12. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1557(200003/04)9:2<105::AID-PDS486>3.0.CO;2-2. PMID 19025809.
“The Truth Behind the Top 10 Dietary Supplements”. Webmd.com. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
“The Truth Behind the Top 10 Dietary Supplements”. Webmd.com. 2009-06-30. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
Ermak G., “Modern Science & Future Medicine (second edition)”, 164 p., 2013
Lieberman, S and Bruning, N (1990). The Real Vitamin & Mineral Book. NY: Avery Group, 3, ISBN 0-89529-769-8
Fortmann, SP; Burda, BU; Senger, CA; Lin, JS; Whitlock, EP (Nov 12, 2013). “Vitamin and Mineral Supplements in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: An Updated Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.”. Annals of internal medicine 159 (12): 824–34. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00729. PMID 24217421.
Robert S. Goodhart and Maurice E. Shils (1980). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lea and Febinger. pp. 134–138. ISBN 0-8121-0645-8.
Ravintolisissä paljon humpuukia, Yle.fi 17.10.2012.
Spike in Harm to Liver Is Tied to Dietary Aids, The New York Times, December 21, 2013.
O’CONNOR, ANAHAD. “Herbal Supplements Are Often Not What They Seem”. New York Times. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
Newmaster, Steven G; Grguric, Meghan; Shanmughanandhan, Dhivya; Ramalingam, Sathishkumar; Ragupathy, Subramanyam (2013). “DNA barcoding detects contamination and substitution in North American herbal products”. BMC Medicine 11: 222. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-222. PMC 3851815. PMID 24120035.
Skip the Supplements, Paul A. Offit, chief of the division of infectious diseases at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and Sarah Erush, the clinical manager in the pharmacy department of the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. The New York Times, December 14, 2013.
Lichtenstein, Alice H.; Russell, Robert M. (2005). “Essential Nutrients: Food or Supplements?”. JAMA 294 (3): 351–8. doi:10.1001/jama.294.3.351. PMID 16030280.
intake of vitamin e and other antioxidant nutrients in early life and the development of advanced ß-cell autoimmunity and clinical type 1 diabetes, Liisa Uusitalo, National institute for health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, and Tampere school of public health, University of Tampere, Finland, 2009, page 74.
Halliwell, B (2013). “The antioxidant paradox: Less paradoxical now?”. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 75 (3): 637–44. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04272.x. PMC 3575931. PMID 22420826..
Tutkimus: Ravintolisä- ja vitamiinivalmisteista ei juuri hyötyä, Helsingin Sanomat, 10.10.2011.
Kannattaako kalaöljyvalmisteita syödä?, Helsingin Sanomat 3.12.2012.
The Truth Behind the Top 10 Dietary Supplements, Kathleen M. Zelman, MPH, RD, LD, Reviewed by Brunilda Nazario, MD, WebMD, page 5. Accessed 2012-12-22.
“Directive 2002/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 June 2002 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to food supplements”. Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
“European Commission website: Food Safety – Labelling & Nutrition – Health & Nutrition Claims”. Ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
“Controversial EU vitamins ban to go ahead”. Timesonline.co.uk. 2005-07-012. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
European Food Commission page of Food Supplements
“‘Court victory for vitamin firms’”. BBC News. 2004-01-30. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
“‘EU health foods crackdown ‘wrong””. BBC News. 2005-04-05. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
“‘Vitamin controls backed by Europe’”. BBC News. 2005-07-12. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
“‘EU court backs health supplements ban’”. Guardian. 2005-07-12. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
Staff, National Public Radio. May 30, 2010 GAO Finds Many Claims About Supplements Mislead
Paul Offit for The Atlantic. July 19, 2013 The Vitamin Myth: Why We Think We Need Supplements
Grace, Emily. “How to choose the best supplement”. Health Beacon. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
Staff, FDA/ FDA FAQ’s on Dietary Supplements
Guallar E, Stranges S, Mulrow C, Appel LJ, Miller ER (December 2013). “Enough is enough: Stop wasting money on vitamin and mineral supplements”. Ann. Intern. Med. (Editorial) 159 (12): 850–1. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00011. PMID 24490268.
Questions To Ask Before Taking Vitamin and Mineral Supplements, Nutrition.gov, accessed 2013-12-22.
New Nordic Nutrition Recommendations: Focus on quality and the whole diet, Norden.org 03.10.2013.
See Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, which includes a definition.
Committee on the Framework for Evaluating the Safety of Dietary Supplements, Food and Nutrition Board, Board on Life Sciences, Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies (2004). Dietary supplements a framework for evaluating safety. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. p. ES-1-ES-3. ISBN 0-309-09206-X.
Food and Drug Administration (20 March 2014). “Q&A on Dietary Supplements”. fda.gov. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
Food and Drug Administration (11 May 2014). “Consumers – Dietary Supplements: What You Need to Know”. fda.gov. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
American College of Medical Toxicology; American Academy of Clinical Toxicology (February 2013), “Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question”, Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation (American College of Medical Toxicology and American Academy of Clinical Toxicology), retrieved 5 December 2013, which cites
Woodward, KN (May 2005). “The potential impact of the use of homeopathic and herbal remedies on monitoring the safety of prescription products.”. Human & Experimental Toxicology 24 (5): 219–33. doi:10.1191/0960327105ht529oa. PMID 16004184.
De Smet, PA (Aug 1995). “Health risks of herbal remedies.”. Drug safety : an international journal of medical toxicology and drug experience 13 (2): 81–93. doi:10.2165/00002018-199513020-00003. PMID 7576267.
Farah, MH; Edwards, R; Lindquist, M; Leon, C; Shaw, D (Mar 2000). “International monitoring of adverse health effects associated with herbal medicines.”. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety 9 (2): 105–12. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1557(200003/04)9:2<105::AID-PDS486>3.0.CO;2-2. PMID 19025809.
“The Truth Behind the Top 10 Dietary Supplements”. Webmd.com. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
“The Truth Behind the Top 10 Dietary Supplements”. Webmd.com. 2009-06-30. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
Ermak G., “Modern Science & Future Medicine (second edition)”, 164 p., 2013
Lieberman, S and Bruning, N (1990). The Real Vitamin & Mineral Book. NY: Avery Group, 3, ISBN 0-89529-769-8
Fortmann, SP; Burda, BU; Senger, CA; Lin, JS; Whitlock, EP (Nov 12, 2013). “Vitamin and Mineral Supplements in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: An Updated Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.”. Annals of internal medicine 159 (12): 824–34. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00729. PMID 24217421.
Robert S. Goodhart and Maurice E. Shils (1980). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lea and Febinger. pp. 134–138. ISBN 0-8121-0645-8.
Ravintolisissä paljon humpuukia, Yle.fi 17.10.2012.
Spike in Harm to Liver Is Tied to Dietary Aids, The New York Times, December 21, 2013.
O’CONNOR, ANAHAD. “Herbal Supplements Are Often Not What They Seem”. New York Times. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
Newmaster, Steven G; Grguric, Meghan; Shanmughanandhan, Dhivya; Ramalingam, Sathishkumar; Ragupathy, Subramanyam (2013). “DNA barcoding detects contamination and substitution in North American herbal products”. BMC Medicine 11: 222. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-222. PMC 3851815. PMID 24120035.
Skip the Supplements, Paul A. Offit, chief of the division of infectious diseases at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and Sarah Erush, the clinical manager in the pharmacy department of the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. The New York Times, December 14, 2013.
Lichtenstein, Alice H.; Russell, Robert M. (2005). “Essential Nutrients: Food or Supplements?”. JAMA 294 (3): 351–8. doi:10.1001/jama.294.3.351. PMID 16030280.
intake of vitamin e and other antioxidant nutrients in early life and the development of advanced ß-cell autoimmunity and clinical type 1 diabetes, Liisa Uusitalo, National institute for health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, and Tampere school of public health, University of Tampere, Finland, 2009, page 74.
Halliwell, B (2013). “The antioxidant paradox: Less paradoxical now?”. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 75 (3): 637–44. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04272.x. PMC 3575931. PMID 22420826..
Tutkimus: Ravintolisä- ja vitamiinivalmisteista ei juuri hyötyä, Helsingin Sanomat, 10.10.2011.
Kannattaako kalaöljyvalmisteita syödä?, Helsingin Sanomat 3.12.2012.
The Truth Behind the Top 10 Dietary Supplements, Kathleen M. Zelman, MPH, RD, LD, Reviewed by Brunilda Nazario, MD, WebMD, page 5. Accessed 2012-12-22.
“Directive 2002/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 June 2002 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to food supplements”. Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
“European Commission website: Food Safety – Labelling & Nutrition – Health & Nutrition Claims”. Ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
“Controversial EU vitamins ban to go ahead”. Timesonline.co.uk. 2005-07-012. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
European Food Commission page of Food Supplements
“‘Court victory for vitamin firms’”. BBC News. 2004-01-30. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
“‘EU health foods crackdown ‘wrong””. BBC News. 2005-04-05. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
“‘Vitamin controls backed by Europe’”. BBC News. 2005-07-12. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
“‘EU court backs health supplements ban’”. Guardian. 2005-07-12. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
Staff, National Public Radio. May 30, 2010 GAO Finds Many Claims About Supplements Mislead
Paul Offit for The Atlantic. July 19, 2013 The Vitamin Myth: Why We Think We Need Supplements
Further reading
Dietary Supplements: General
Resources for Consumers (PDF|131 KB), Food and Nutrition Information Center,
National Agricultural Library. List of resources that provides an overview of
herbal and dietary supplements, including use, regulation, research, and
cautionary information.
Questions to Ask Before Taking Vitamin and Mineral Supplements, Nutrition.gov.
Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets, NIH Office of Dietary Supplements.
Questions to Ask Before Taking Vitamin and Mineral Supplements, Nutrition.gov.
Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets, NIH Office of Dietary Supplements.
External links
Dietary Supplements Labels Database,
from the United States National Library of Medicine
PubMed Dietary Supplement Subset from the U.S. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements and United States National Library of Medicine
Dietary Supplement Information from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
What’s in the Bottle? An Introduction to Dietary Supplements, from the U.S. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Safety information on herbal supplements, from the U.S. National Institutes of Health
Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) by the American Public: A report of the Institute of Medicine
Marcus DM, Grollman AP (December 2002). “Botanical medicines–the need for new regulations”. The New England Journal of Medicine 347 (25): 2073–6.
PubMed Dietary Supplement Subset from the U.S. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements and United States National Library of Medicine
Dietary Supplement Information from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
What’s in the Bottle? An Introduction to Dietary Supplements, from the U.S. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Safety information on herbal supplements, from the U.S. National Institutes of Health
Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) by the American Public: A report of the Institute of Medicine
Marcus DM, Grollman AP (December 2002). “Botanical medicines–the need for new regulations”. The New England Journal of Medicine 347 (25): 2073–6.